Becoming a Network Security Engineer in 2022

The role of network security engineer will put you in charge of designing and managing security systems, ensuring that an organization’s network is protected from bugs, malware, and other cyberthreats. Some of the duties of a network security engineer include monitoring, testing, and configuring hardware and software.

This article will explain the skills required to become a network security engineer and offer some practical advice on how to start your career.

Skills Required to Become a Network Security Engineer

When trying to fill network security engineer jobs, companies might look for several soft and technical skills. Some of the interpersonal and soft skills you’ll want to acquire include:

◉ Attention to detail, which is necessary for evaluating problems and equipment

◉ Analytic skills for identifying inconspicuous concerns and threats

◉ Problem-solving skills that allow you to act quickly but thoroughly

◉ Communication skills for explaining issues and directing other employees

On the technical front, some of the skills you’ll want to learn and master include:

◉ The ability to identify cybersecurity threats and implement the best course of action to mitigate them

◉ Familiarity with the latest technology and concepts in cybersecurity, along with information on the latest malware and schemes

◉ Confidence in implementing and administering technical solutions, such as firewalls, routers, VPNs, and servers

◉ Knowledge of cybersecurity laws and what must be done to comply with those regulations, especially as they change and evolve

As with most cybersecurity or networking positions, a network security engineer must continuously stay on top of the latest trends, threats, and technology to ensure they remain effective. A strategy for continuing your education through formal and informal training is worthwhile for job security and advancement.

What Does a Network Security Engineer Do?

On a day-to-day basis, the duties of a network security engineer include system testing, network monitoring, and security administration. In addition to solving problems as they are discovered, a network security engineer is also tasked with proactively searching for vulnerabilities and threats and efficiently mitigating them.

When attacks occur, whether successful or not, network security engineers should also be prepared to create reports around the event, guide the company through any necessary regulatory reporting, and present a robust plan for preventing those problems in the future. For smaller companies without a large cybersecurity team, a network security engineer may also be asked to provide input on employee training and company policies in data security and network security.

Do I Need a Degree to Be a Network Security Engineer?

Depending on your experience and where you apply, you will likely be able to work as a network security engineer without a degree or certification. However, some companies may prefer applicants who hold a bachelor’s degree or an equivalent in a field related to computers, such as a degree in cybersecurity or managed information systems (MIS).

Besides a bachelor’s degree, you can also bolster your resume by pursuing a certification, such as EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (C|ND). A certificate from a trusted organization like EC-Council demonstrates your interest in the field and commitment to obtaining as much knowledge as possible.

How Long Does It Take to Become a Network Security Engineer?

The time it takes to become a network security engineer depends on your prior experience and education. For example, applicants without a relevant degree or certificate will likely be required to show at least 3-5 years of relevant work experience to prove their network security engineer skills and knowledge. Meanwhile, those with formal training may be able to transition directly into the position of a network security engineer.

In general, once you consider formal education or hands-on experience, you’ll likely need to accumulate three to five years of one or both before being qualified to work as a network security engineer for a medium or large company. It’s worth noting that network security engineers are in high demand, and demand continues to outgrow available applicants, making it easier to be placed in this position.

Which Is the Best Certificate for Network Security?

For many IT professionals, pursuing a four-year bachelor’s program is simply not an option due to time or financial constraints. Meanwhile, those who have completed a bachelor’s degree years ago may feel like something is missing in their present-day knowledge. In either case, obtaining a certificate in network security might be the right next step.

By maintaining certification in your field, you can demonstrate your commitment to your network security career while providing employers with confidence in your ability to act using today’s latest technology and concepts. However, finding the best network security certification takes legwork, as you want to ensure you choose a program that is robust, complete, up to date, and issued by a trusted certifying body.

When searching for network security engineer certifications, make sure you:

◉ Find an issuing body that is trusted and known for its work in the IT and tech fields.

◉ Invest in a program that fits your learning style. While self-guided online learning may work for some, finding a certificate that can be taken through live video or even in-person can help you retain more information and get more out of the program.

◉ Review the course outline and exam requirements in advance. Understand how long the course will take to complete and what is required to take and pass the exam to earn your certificate.

Get the Best Network Security Training with EC-Council

Becoming a cybersecurity network engineer is an exciting endeavor. Now that we’ve discussed the skills you need to enter this field, it’s time to embark on the next step: actually obtaining that knowledge so you can move forward.

Enrolling in a certificate program such as the Certified Network Defender from EC-Council is one of the best ways to prepare yourself for work in the network security field. As part of the C|ND course, you’ll become comfortable implementing the latest technologies and methodologies, including threat intelligence, remote worker threats, software-defined networks, and more.

The C|ND program will also prepare you to apply your knowledge within cloud environments, containers, and the most popular platforms (AWS, GCP, Kubernetes, etc.) utilized by companies around the world. If you’re ready to learn more, just take a few minutes and explore everything taught within the Certified Network Defender program today.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What is Enumeration in Ethical Hacking?

Since the early days of computing, ethical hackers have used enumeration to access systems and networks. Enumeration is the process of systematically probing a target for information, and it remains an essential tool in the hacker’s arsenal. Enumeration can provide attackers with a roadmap to entering a system by identifying open ports, usernames, and passwords.

While many commercial tools are available for enumeration, knowing how to use basic command-line tools can be just as effective. This blog post will look at some of the most common enumeration techniques and discuss how they can be used in ethical hacking.

Enumeration in Ethical Hacking

Enumeration is extracting a system’s valid usernames, machine names, share names, directory names, and other information. It is a key component of ethical hacking and penetration testing, as it can provide attackers with a wealth of information that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities. It can also be defined as collecting detailed information about the target systems, such as operating and network infrastructure details. Enumeration can be used in both an offensive and defensive manner.

Enumeration is one of the most important steps in ethical hacking because it gives hackers the necessary information to launch an attack. For example, hackers who want to crack passwords need to know the usernames of valid users on that system. Enumerating the target system can extract this information (CrashTestSecurity.com, 2022).

Enumeration can be used to gather any of the following information:

◉ Operating system details

◉ Network infrastructure details

◉ Usernames of valid users

◉ Machine names

◉ Share names

◉ Directory names

◉ Printer names

◉ Web server details

Why Is Enumeration Important?

Enumeration lets you understand what devices are on your network, where they are located, and what services they offer. To put it simply, enumeration can be used to find security vulnerabilities within systems and networks. By conducting an enumeration scan, you can see what ports are open on devices, which ones have access to specific services, and what type of information is being transmitted. This information can then be used to exploit weaknesses and gain unauthorized access.

Carrying out an enumeration scan requires both time and patience. However, it’s a crucial step in the hacking process as it allows you to gather intelligence about your target. Enumeration can be performed manually or with automated tools. Whichever method you choose, it’s important to be thorough in your scan to maximize the amount of information you can collect.

Techniques for Enumeration

When it comes to network security, enumeration is key. By enumerating a system, you can gain a better understanding of that system and how it works. This knowledge can then be used to exploit vulnerabilities and gain access to sensitive data.

Several techniques can be used for enumeration, and your method will depend on the type of system you are targeting. The most common methods include email IDs and usernames, default passwords, and DNS zone transfer.

◉ Using email IDs and usernames is a great way to gather information about a system. You can use this information to brute force passwords or gain access to sensitive data. Default passwords are another common method of enumeration.

◉ By using default passwords, you can gain access to systems that have not been properly configured.

◉ DNS zone transfer is a technique that can be used to expose topological information. This information can be used to identify potential targets for attack.

Understanding the techniques available for enumeration can better protect your systems from attack.

Process of Enumeration

Enumeration is the process of identifying all hosts on a network. This can be done in several ways, but active and passive scanning is the most common method. Active scanning involves sending out requests and analyzing the responses to determine which hosts are active on the network. Passive scanning involves listening to traffic and then analyzing it to identify hosts.

Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Active scanning is more likely to identify all hosts on a network, but it is also more likely to cause disruptions because it generates a lot of traffic. Passive scanning is less likely to identify all hosts, but it is also less likely to cause disruptions because it does not generate any traffic.

The Types of Enumeration

There are many different types of enumeration. The most appropriate type will depend on the situation and the required information:

◉ NetBIOS Enumeration: NetBIOS is a protocol that allows devices on a network to share resources and communicate with each other. NetBIOS enumeration is querying a device to identify what NetBIOS resources are available. This can be done using tools like nbtstat and net view.

◉ SNMP Enumeration: SNMP is a protocol that allows devices to be managed and monitored remotely. SNMP enumeration is querying a device to identify what SNMP resources are available. This can be done using tools like SNMP-check and snmpwalk.

◉ LDAP Enumeration: LDAP is a protocol that allows devices on a network to share information about users and resources. LDAP enumeration is querying a device to identify what LDAP resources are available. This can be done using tools like ldapsearch and ldapenum.

◉ NTP Enumeration: NTP is a protocol that allows devices on a network to synchronize their clocks with each other. NTP enumeration is querying a device to identify what NTP resources are available. This can be done using tools like Nmap and PRTG Network Monitor (CrashTestSecurity.com, 2022).

Services and Ports to Enumerate

When conducting a penetration test or simply enumerating services on a target machine, knowing which ports are associated with it is often useful. This can be accomplished using a port scanner such as Nmap to scan for open ports on the target machine. Once you have a list of open ports, you can use a port lookup tool to determine which service runs on each port. This information can be extremely helpful when trying to identify potential attack vectors.

The following are some of the most commonly used services and their associated ports (Kulkarni, 2018):

◉ FTP – 21

◉ SSH – 22

◉ HTTP – 80

◉ HTTPS – 443

◉ SMTP – 25

◉ POP3 – 110

◉ IMAP – 143

◉ SNMP – 161

As you can see, various services can run on any given port. Knowing which service runs on which port when enumerating a target machine is helpful.

Enumeration, also known as information gathering, is the first phase of ethical hacking. To establish your career as an ethical hacker, you must know all the stages, tools, techniques, attack vectors, and surfaces to identify weak links. Getting certified is one to validate your skills and knowledge as an ethical hacker. If you want to learn the latest commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methodologies used by hackers and information security professionals, EC-Council’s Certified Ethical Hacker (C|EH) is a credible certification to pursue to build your skills.

Why Should You Pursue the Certified Ethical Hacker (C|EH)?

The C|EH will teach you everything you need to know about lawfully hacking an organization and how to use these skills to protect businesses from malicious attacks. In its 12th version, the C|EH v12 comes with a new learning framework—Learn, Certify, Engage, and Compete—to prepare learners for real-world experiences. You can also expand your knowledge in diverse areas such as foot printing, network scanning, system hacking, sniffing, session hijacking, and more.

Source: eccouncil.org

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How to Prevent the Top 10 Most Common Cyberattacks

Cybersecurity is a pressing concern for businesses and individuals alike. With incidents like the Equifax breach making headlines, it’s clear that businesses and organizations must stay vigilant about online security.

Whether you want to beef up your cybersecurity skills or are responsible for safeguarding your organization’s networks, you need to know the most common cyberattacks and how to prevent them.

1. Phishing Attacks

Phishing attacks are one of the most common cyberattacks. According to Deloitte, approximately 91% of all cyberattacks start with a phishing email (Deloitte, 2020).

Phishing is a cyberattack that uses email or malicious websites to steal sensitive information, such as login credentials, credit card numbers, or account numbers. Attackers often pose as legitimate companies or individuals to trick victims into giving up this information.

There are many ways to prevent phishing attacks. Some of the most common methods include:

◉ Educating yourself and your employees about phishing attacks.

◉ Exercising caution with unsolicited emails, even if they appear to be from a trusted source; do not click on links or open attachments from unknown senders.

◉ Verifying the authenticity of websites before entering sensitive information.

◉ Using strong passwords and avoiding reused passwords for different accounts

◉ Implementing two-factor authentication where possible.

◉ Keeping your software and antivirus programs up to date.

2. Malware Attacks

In this 2022 Data Breach Investigations Report, Verizon states that 30% of data breach cases involve some type of malware (Verizon, 2022). Malware is a type of malicious code or software used to disrupt computer systems, steal data, or gain unauthorized access to a network. Common types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, and spyware.

Preventing malware attacks requires a multilayered approach that includes:

◉ Technical controls, such as installing and maintaining antivirus and antimalware software.

◉ Nontechnical measures such as training employees on cybersecurity awareness and best practices as well as developing and enforcing strong security policies.

3. SQL Injection Attacks

SQL injection attacks occur when an attacker inserts malicious code into a web application to extract sensitive information from the database. The attacker can then use this information to gain access to the system or launch further attacks.

Some of the most common cyberattack strategies to prevent SQL injection include:

◉ Performing input validation to ensure all user input does not contain any malicious code.

◉ Configuring database permissions carefully to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

◉ Using parameterized queries to avoid SQL injection vulnerabilities.

◉ Implementing security controls such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems.

4. Session Hijacking Attacks

Another common cyberattack, session hijacking, occurs when a hacker takes over a legitimate user’s session, usually by stealing the user’s cookies or session ID. Session hijacking attacks can be difficult to prevent, as they often exploit vulnerabilities at the network or application level.

Here are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of being hijacked:

5. DDoS Attacks

A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a cyberattack in which multiple systems flood a target system with internet traffic, requests for information, or other data. The goal of a DDoS attack is to overload the target system so that it no longer functions properly or is unavailable to legitimate users.

Botnets often carry out DDoS attacks. These botnets are collections of infected computers controlled by an attacker (Brookes, 2022). The attacker will use them to send large amounts of traffic and data to the target system.

There are many ways to prevent DDoS attacks, including

6. Password Spraying Attacks

Password spraying is a type of cyberattack for which hackers use lists of commonly used passwords to try and gain access to multiple accounts. This type of attack often targets high-profile or unsecured accounts.

Some preventative measures to protect against password spraying are to maintain:

◉ Strong and unique passwords for all accounts.

◉ A password manager to keep track of passwords.

◉ Two-factor authentication whenever possible.

◉ Security mechanisms against phishing.

◉ Regular scans for vulnerabilities.

7. OnPath Attacks

In this common cyberattack activity, the attacker intercepts the communications of two victims, relaying messages between them and making them believe they are communicating directly. The attacker can eavesdrop on their conversation or modify the exchanged messages.

To reduce the risk of OnPath attacks:

◉ Always verify the identity of the person you are communicating with, even if you know them.

◉ Use encryption when possible and stay on guard against emails from unknown senders or emails that seem suspicious.

8. Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. Ransomware attacks often involve phishing emails that contain malicious attachments, calendar invites, or links (CISCO Defense, 2022). Once opened, the attachment or link will download and install the ransomware onto the victim’s computer.

Preventative measures against ransomware include:

◉ Never opening attachments or clicking on links from unknown or untested sources.

◉ Keeping your antivirus and antimalware software up to date.

◉ Having a reliable backup solution in place so that you can recover your files in the event of an attack.

9. AI-Powered Attacks

Common cyberattacks carried out by AI-powered machines are among the most difficult to prevent. AI-powered machines can learn and evolve quickly, making it hard to keep up with their changing methods. 

Examples of AI-powered attacks include deepfake videos and phishing attacks that use machine learning to become more realistic and believable (Fortinet, 2022).

Here are a few things you can do that will help to prevent AI-powered attacks

10. Zero-Day Attacks 

A zero-day attack is a type of cyberattack that exploits previously unknown vulnerabilities in software or hardware (Hendler, 2022). These attacks take advantage of security vulnerabilities that have not yet been patched or made public.

Preventive measures against zero-day attacks include:

Source: eccouncil.org

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Internal and External Network Penetration Testing

Organizations sometimes experience a network penetration incident they could have avoided if their security systems had been strengthened at the time of the attack. These incidents include information leaks, unauthorized access to network systems, and data loss. 

A penetration incident involves the intentional use of various malicious techniques to evaluate a network’s security responses—or lack thereof (Firch, 2021). Performing network penetration or pen testing regularly can help avoid such malicious activities.

Benefits of Network Penetration Testing

Network penetration testing is an important part of any organization’s security program, but it goes beyond just keeping a network safe from intruders. Here are some additional benefits:

Enhanced Compliance

Testing for penetration vulnerabilities can help organizations ensure that their networks are secure and compliant with relevant regulations. For example, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a compliance requirement for companies that process, store, or transmit credit card information. The https://www.bitsight.com/blog/what-is-cybersecurity-complianceHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is another compliance requirement that organizations must meet when handling protected health information (Graham 2021).

Organizations that fail to meet these compliance requirements can be subject to heavy fines and penalties. In some cases, they may even lose their business license. Penetration testing can help organizations ensure their networks are secure and compliant with relevant regulations.

A Better Understanding of Security Posture and Controls

It’s essential to understand an organization’s security posture and control effectiveness. This will help determine where to allocate resources to make improvements. A network penetration test will give insight into the organization’s security posture and help identify any weaknesses in the security controls. Unlike a vulnerability assessment, a network penetration test puts the security controls to the ultimate test (Firch, 2021).

Improved Overall Security

Organizations can use the findings from network penetration testing to improve their entire security posture. By identifying and addressing any weaknesses in the security controls, they can make their networks more secure and less vulnerable to attacks.

Penetration Testers Stay Up to Date

The security team needs to have a great acquaintance with the most current trends and techniques to be competent penetration testers. Regular penetration tests help cybersecurity experts stay current on cyberthreats and defense mechanisms. The security staff can learn about new tools, techniques, and methodologies by conducting or observing a network penetration test. 

Increased Ability to Respond to Incidents

Organizations that conduct consistent penetration testing can better respond to incidents (Morris, 2022). They can identify weaknesses through frequent security control tests and take proactive steps to address them. This helps ensure that networks are more resilient to attacks and in a better position to withstand incidents. It also improves risk analysis and mitigation strategies.

Common Vulnerabilities Detected by Network Penetration Testing 

Now that we have looked at the benefits of penetration testing, let’s look at the common vulnerabilities detected by network penetration testing: 

◉ Weaknesses in Security Controls: The most common vulnerabilities detected by network penetration tests are weaknesses in security controls. These include weak passwords and the lack of two-factor authentication. Attackers can also use open ports to find potential exploits (Tunggal, 2022).

◉ Lack of Segmentation: Another common vulnerability is the lack of segmentation between networks. This can allow attackers to move laterally through a network and gain access to sensitive data. Network segmentation divides the network into distinct sub-networks to enhance security control delivery.

◉ Unpatched Software: Outdated or unpatched software is yet another concern. It can provide attackers with a way to exploit known vulnerabilities and gain access to a network.

◉ Insecure Configuration: Incorrectly configured devices and services are other vulnerabilities detected through pen testing. Improper configuration may allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive data.

Types of Network Penetration Testing 

Penetration testing can be either internal or external. Internal penetration assesses an organization’s security posture and identifies security control shortcomings. External penetration testing examines the enterprise’s perimeter security and detects security control flaws. 

There is another big difference between internal and external network penetration testing: internal network pen testing is performed by authorized personnel within an organization. In contrast, external network pen testing is done by authorized parties outside of the organization.

Perimeter network penetration testing aims to evaluate how effective perimeter security measures detect and deter attackers, as well as spot flaws in internet-facing assets like FTP servers. Perimeter devices and testing include:

◉ Firewalls: Assessing firewall security implementation.

◉ Routers: Examining the security posture before traffic appearance on an untrusted network.

◉ Switches: Evaluating switch security.

◉ IDS devices: Detecting unusual or suspicious activity in network traffic and alerting the administrator.

◉ IPS devices: Monitoring malicious activity on a network and taking action to stop it.

Black Box Testing 

Black box testing is a type of penetration testing for which the tester has no prior knowledge of the system under test (Varghese, 2022). The tester’s goal is to identify as many security vulnerabilities as possible. Black box testing may also break down into blind and double-blind testing.

◉ Blind Testing: In blind testing, the tester has no information about the system under test. The tester must rely on their skills and knowledge to identify potential security vulnerabilities. 

◉ Double Blind Testing: Double-blind testing is similar to blind testing, but there is one key difference—in double-blind testing, the organization’s security staff is unaware that a penetration test is being conducted.

Gray Box Testing 

This is another type of penetration testing for which the tester has limited knowledge of the system to be tested. The tester does have access to some of the system’s internal tools and documentation. Gray box testing is useful for identifying security vulnerabilities that are not easily detected through black box testing.

White Box Testing 

During a white box test, the tester has complete knowledge of the system under test. The tester has access to all tools and documentation as well. White box testing is useful for identifying security vulnerabilities that are not easily detected through black or gray box testing. 

Steps in the Network Penetration Testing Process

There are four steps in the network penetration testing process:

◉ Client Expectations: The first step is to understand the client’s expectations. This includes the scope of the engagement, the objectives, and any constraints.

◉ Reconnaissance: This involves gathering information about the target system and can be accomplished through passive or active methods. Passive reconnaissance requires the tester to collect information about the target system without interacting with it. This can be done by searching public records, social media, and other online resources. Active reconnaissance has the tester interact with the target system to gather information. This can be achieved through port scanning, banner grabbing, and other methods.

◉ Performing the Network Penetration Test: The next step is to perform the actual penetration test. Doing so includes identifying vulnerabilities and exploiting them to gain access to the system.

◉ Reporting and Recommendations: In this final step, the security team prepares a detailed report describing the whole testing process (Kiprin, 2021). The report should include a list of all identified vulnerabilities and a risk assessment. Recommendations should be made to mitigate the identified risks (Kiprin, 2021).

Network penetration testing is a valuable tool for assessing an organization’s security posture and identifying vulnerabilities. Each different type of network penetration test comes with its own advantages.

If you’re interested in learning more about penetration testing, EC-Council offers information security training and certification programs to develop your expertise in advanced penetration testing tools, techniques, and methodologies.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What Is Virtual Network Security, and How Can It Help Thwart Threats?

In today’s digital age, securing your network is more critical than ever. But what does that mean? How can you be sure your business is protected? Virtual network security is a comprehensive approach to safeguarding your systems and data. By setting up firewalls and other security measures, you can rest assured that your confidential information is safe from prying eyes.

How Do Virtual Networks Work?

Most people have heard of virtual networks but don’t understand how they work. A virtual network is a network that exists only in software and is not physically connected to any hardware. Virtual networks are created by using a software program to simulate the functions of a physical network.

Virtual networks are often used to test new networking configurations or applications without deploying them on physical hardware. This can be very useful for developers who want to try out new ideas without affecting live systems. Virtual networks can also create isolated environments for security testing or other purposes.

What Is Virtual Security?

Virtual security is the process of protecting computer networks and data from unauthorized access or attack. It includes hardware and software technologies, policies, and procedures designed to protect network resources from unauthorized users. Standard measures used to achieve virtual security include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption.

The term “virtual security” is often used interchangeably with “cybersecurity,” but there are some critical distinctions between the two. Cybersecurity focuses on protecting computers and networks from malicious attacks, while virtual security encompasses a broader range of threats (Riddell National Bank, 2022).

Virtual security is a relatively new field that is constantly evolving to keep up with the latest technological advances. As more businesses move their operations online with products like a virtual private cloud in AWS, the need for effective virtual security measures will only continue to grow.

Virtual Network Security Measures

Many different virtual network security measures can be taken to protect your network and data. Some of the most common include:

◉ Implementing a firewall: A firewall can help block unauthorized access to your network, control traffic flows, and protect against malware.

◉ Using encryption: Encryption can help to protect data in transit as well as at rest.

◉ Creating user accounts and permissions: You can control who has access to which parts of your network by creating user accounts and assigning permissions.

◉ Monitoring activity: Monitoring activity on your network can help you to detect suspicious activity and take appropriate action.

The Difference Between NSG and Azure Firewall

Azure Firewall is a managed, cloud-based network security service that filters and monitors traffic passing through a virtual network or virtual private network. It provides Fortinet’s next-generation firewall capabilities in the cloud. Azure Firewall uses a static public IP address for your virtual network resources to communicate with the internet, eliminating the need for complex network security rules.

Azure Firewall is highly available and scalable, and it integrates with Azure Monitor for comprehensive logging and analytics. It is a stateful firewall that tracks all connections passing through it and ensures that only authorized traffic is allowed. Azure Firewall can be deployed in its dedicated subnet or shared with other applications in the same subnet (vhorne, 2022).

NSG is a networking security group that allows you to control traffic flows to and from your Azure resources. NSG can be applied at the individual resource level or the subnet level. NSG can only be used to control inbound and outbound traffic; it cannot filter traffic as Azure Firewall can.

How Virtualization Helps Improve Security

By abstracting the underlying hardware, virtualization can help improve security in several ways.

◉ First, by using server virtualization, businesses can segment their networks to isolate sensitive data from less secure parts of the network. This reduces the risk of data breaches and makes it easier to contain and fix any problems.

◉ Second, network virtualization can help improve security by making it easier to create and manage secure networks. When all network traffic is routed through a central gateway, monitoring and controlling what is happening on the computer’s VPN becomes much simpler. This can help prevent malicious activity such as malware or denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.

◉ Finally, desktop virtualization can help improve security by making it easier to manage and secure desktop systems. By keeping all data and applications on a central server, businesses can easily ensure that only authorized users can access specific data and applications. This can help prevent data leaks and unauthorized access to sensitive information (CyberExperts.com, 2020).

Virtualization is not a silver bullet for security problems, but it can be a helpful tool in improving security for businesses of all sizes, like using a VPN in networking. Virtualization can help segment networks, simplify network management, and secure data and applications when used properly.

Virtual Network Security: Key Takeaways

The cloud has transformed how businesses operate and opened new opportunities for organizations of all sizes. However, a greater need for security comes with increased cloud services. This is particularly true when it comes to virtual networks, which are used to connect devices and systems in the cloud.

There are several security risks associated with virtual networks, but there are also many ways to mitigate these risks. Below we will look at some key takeaways regarding virtual network security.

1. Virtual networks provide a higher level of security than traditional physical networks.

2. They can be easily segmented and isolated, making it difficult for hackers to access sensitive information.

3. Virtual networks can be monitored and controlled more easily than physical ones, making detecting and preventing attacks easier

4. The use of encryption can further increase the security of virtual networks.

5. Virtual network security is an integral part of the overall cybersecurity strategy.

There are several other factors to consider regarding virtual network security; however, the key takeaways discussed above should give you a good starting point on your virtual network.

Training in Virtual Security with C|ND

It’s essential to have strong virtual security training. EC-Council’s Certified Network Defender (C|ND) program is the only network defense course in the market that is 100% focused on

network security and defense. C|ND v2 has earned a reputation as the most comprehensive and effective training for IT professionals looking to harden their systems against today’s threats.

The program covers various topics essential to securing networks in the virtual space, including risk management, VLAN, incident response, forensics, and much more. With over 60 hours of training content, the C|ND program is designed to give students the skills, knowledge, and network defense certification they need to protect their networks from attack.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What Is IoT? Internet of Things Explained in Detail

The world is rapidly becoming more digitized, with nearly every aspect of our lives connected to the internet, from streaming services to smart devices. IoT, or the Internet of Things, refers to the interconnectedness of everyday objects and devices that can collect and share data, such as your Fitbit or the kitchen fridge. The potential for increased efficiency, convenience, and safety is huge, but there are also some inherent security risks associated with IoT.

What Is IoT? 

IoT is a system of interconnected devices and objects that can collect and exchange data. The IoT can be used to create smart homes, smart cities, and connected devices that make our lives easier and more efficient (AWS).

IoT devices typically come with sensors that enable them to collect and transmit data from their surroundings to a central server. This data can be used to control the device or trigger specific actions. For example, a car sensor could be used to detect when the vehicle is low on fuel and automatically order more from the nearest fuel station.

What Are the 3 Types of IoT Devices?

There are three main types of IoT devices: consumer, enterprise, and industrial (Brown, 2020).

Consumer IoT refers to devices that individuals use for personal use, including smart home devices, wearable tech, and connected cars. Enterprise IoT consists of devices that businesses and organizations use, such as security cameras, point-of-sale systems, and fleet management systems. Industrial IoT devices are used in industrial settings, like manufacturing plants and factories.

Each type of IoT device has its own set of benefits and challenges. Consumer IoT devices are often less expensive and easier to use than enterprise or industrial IoT devices. However, they may not be as secure or reliable. Enterprise IoT devices are typically more expensive and complex, but they offer more features and greater security. Industrial IoT devices are usually the most expensive and complex but provide the highest level of security and reliability.

What Is an Example of an IoT Device?

An example of an IoT device is a Nest thermostat. The Nest thermostat is connected to the internet and can be controlled remotely. It can also be programmed to automatically adjust the temperature based on your location and schedule. Other examples of IoT devices include smart TVs, home security systems, and smart refrigerators.

What Are the Benefits of IoT?

IoT devices can track and manage inventory, IoT monitoring, control energy use, control analytics with platforms like ThingSpeak, and much more. The benefits of IoT are many and varied, but some of the most notable advantages include:

1. Improved efficiency: One of the primary benefits of IoT is that it can help organizations to become more efficient. By collecting data from devices and sensors, businesses can gain insights into their operations and identify areas where improvements can be made. For instance, an organization might use IoT data to optimize its production line or to reduce energy consumption.

2. Improved safety: IoT devices can be used to improve safety by monitoring conditions and providing early warning of potential hazards. For example, sensors can be used to detect gas leaks, fires, or flooding. By providing early warnings, IoT devices can help to prevent accidents and save lives.

3. Reduced costs: The improved efficiency that comes with IoT can also lead to reduced costs. By eliminating waste and reducing energy consumption, businesses can save money. Additionally, the data collected by IoT devices can be used to generate new revenue streams or to develop new products and services.

What Industries Benefit from IoT?

IoT is already impacting several industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, energy, and transportation. Here are some examples of how IoT is being used in these industries:

◉ Manufacturing: Manufacturers are using IoT to track production equipment and inventory levels in real time. This information can be used to improve production efficiency and quality control.

◉ Healthcare: Healthcare providers are using IoT to track patients’ vital signs and medical records. This information can be used to improve patient care and prevent medical errors.

◉ Energy: Energy companies are using IoT to monitor energy consumption and optimize the distribution of power. This information can be used to reduce energy costs and help the environment.

◉ Transportation: Transportation companies are using IoT to track vehicles and their surroundings. This information can be used to improve safety, efficiency, and traffic flow.

What Problems Can IoT Solve?

IoT can be used to solve many different types of problems, both big and small. Here are just a few examples:

◉ Tracking inventory levels in real time: With IoT devices attached to products, businesses can track inventory levels in real time and automatically reorder stock when levels get low. This eliminates the need for manual inventory checks and reduces the chances of products selling out.

◉ Improving safety: IoT devices can be used to monitor environmental conditions and alert people to potential hazards. For example, sensors can be used to detect gas leaks or smoke and then send an alert to those in the area.

◉ Reducing traffic congestion: Municipalities can use IoT to reduce traffic congestion by collecting data on traffic patterns. This is done by adjusting traffic signals and routing vehicles along less congested routes.

What Are the Risks of IoT?

Every day, technology advances, bringing with it new risks. IoT is no different. In fact, it may be even more dangerous due to the interconnectedness of devices. Let’s look at some of the risks associated with IoT so that you can be aware of them and take steps to protect yourself.

One of the biggest risks with the Internet of Things is data breaches. Because these devices are connected to the internet, especially LPWAN, they are vulnerable to hacking. If a malicious hacker can gain access to one device, they can often gain access to others on the same network. This could allow them to steal personal data or even cause physical damage (ARCHON).

Another risk is that of malware, which is software that is designed to damage or disable computers. It can be used to steal data, delete files, or even take control of a device. IoT devices are particularly susceptible to malware because they often have weak security.

The Internet of Things is a constantly growing network of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other. These devices range from simple everyday objects to complex industrial machines.

As the number of IoT devices and IoT-based projects continues to grow, so does their potential to solve various problems and improve our lives. However, there are also risks associated with this technology that must be considered before implementing it into your business or personal life.

If you want in-depth training on IoT security, consider EC-Council’s Certified Ethical Hacker v12 program. It trains learners on various operational technology (OT) and IoT attacks, hacking techniques, tools, and countermeasures. The course teaches participants the latest commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methodologies used by hackers and information security professionals to lawfully hack an organization.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What Is the Pyramid of Pain, and Why Is It Important in Threat Detection?

Organizations today face more cyberthreats than ever before and have larger attack surfaces than ever. Given these challenges, companies need to stay ahead of the curve and make intelligent decisions about how they prevent, detect, and mitigate threats.

For this reason, security experts have developed conceptual models such as the Pyramid of Pain to help businesses strengthen their cybersecurity capabilities. Below, we’ll discuss the Pyramid of Pain and how it helps with threat detection and mitigation.

What Is the Pyramid of Pain?

In the field of computer security and threat detection, an indicator of compromise (IOC) is a piece of evidence that some form of cyberattack has occurred, such as an intrusion or data breach. Just as detectives collect clues to trace backward from the crime scene, digital forensics experts search for IOCs to understand how the attack took place and who was responsible. The Pyramid of Pain is a conceptual model for understanding cybersecurity threats that organizes IOCs into six different levels. Information security expert David J. Bianco was the first to formalize this idea in his article “The Pyramid of Pain” (Bianco, 2013). The six levels of IOCs in the Pyramid of Pain are organized in order of how “painful” they would be to the attacker if the victim discovered them and took action against them. From the bottom to the top of the pyramid—from least painful to most painful—these IOCs are:

◉ Hash values: A hash value is a software or file “signature” that is the output of a complex cryptographic hash function such as SHA-1 and MD5. These hash functions practically guarantee that two different files will not have the same hash value.

◉ IP addresses: An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a set of numbers that uniquely identifies a computer or other device connected to the Internet.

◉ Domain names: A domain name is a string of text that uniquely identifies an Internet resource such as a website or server.

◉ Network artifacts/host artifacts: A network artifact is produced as the result of some network activity, while a host artifact is produced as the result of some activity on a host machine.

◉ Tools: Attackers use various software tools and platforms to carry out attacks (such as backdoors or password crackers).

◉ Tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs): Attackers often have a modus operandi that identifies them—everything from the initial method of entry to the means of spreading throughout the network and exfiltrating data.

What Are the Types of Threat Detection?

The IOCs on the Pyramid of Pain are just one type of indicator used in threat detection. In turn, indicators are just one form of threat detection in cybersecurity. Below are the four types of threat detection:

◉ Configuration: In configuration threat detection, analysts look for signs that a device has deviated from a known standard configuration. For example, if a device on the network is set to communicate using only specific port numbers, any communication on a different port number should be treated as suspicious.

◉ Modeling: Beyond configuration changes, analysts can look for deviations from a predefined baseline using mathematical modeling. For example, if a device sends more packets than normal or sends them at unusual times of day, this behavior might be flagged as suspicious.

◉ Indicators: An indicator is a piece of information, either “good” or “bad,” that provides some clue as to a device’s state or context. IOCs are the most common indicators, offering evidence that a malicious actor has gained access to the system.

◉ Behaviors: Behavioral threat analysis looks for abstract, higher-level techniques and methods used by a malicious actor. For example, a known adversary might use a particular form of spear phishing email to obtain user credentials.

How Does the Pyramid of Pain Help Mitigate Threats?

If a career in threat analysis appeals to you, obtaining a threat analyst certification is an ideal way to get a foothold in the industry while honing your in-demand cybersecurity skills. EC-Council offers the Certified Threat Intelligence Analyst (C|TIA) program, with real-world training in how to identify and thwart active and potential attacks.

Designed in coordination with leading cybersecurity and threat intelligence experts, the C|TIA program teaches students to identify and mitigate critical business risks with both theoretical and practical modules. The C|TIA program offers hands-on experience in the latest tools, techniques, and methodologies at all stages of the threat intelligence lifecycle.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What Are the Most Important Types of Cyberthreats?

As our lives increasingly move online, the risk of cyberattacks increases. While we often hear about large-scale hacks, there are many different types of cyberthreats that can harm individuals, businesses, and even governments. Understanding these threats and how to protect yourself from them is essential to staying safe online. This blog post will explore the five most important types of cyberthreats, their sources, and how to mitigate them.

What Is a Cyberthreat?

A cyberthreat is a malicious attempt to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to electronic data. Cyberthreats can come from various sources, including individuals, groups, or nation-states. These threats can take many forms, such as viruses and malware, phishing scams, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.

Cybersecurity is a growing concern for businesses and individuals alike as the reliance on technology increases (Whittle, 2022). Cyberattacks can seriously impact an organization, causing financial loss, reputational damage, and even legal repercussions.

Types of Cyberthreats

Cyberthreats come in many forms, but some of the most important ones target critical infrastructures. These include attacks on energy grids, water systems, and transportation networks.

Below are some of the most common types of cyberthreats:

1. Viruses and Malware

Viruses and malware are malicious software that can cause damage to your computer or device. Viruses can spread quickly and easily, infecting other computers or devices on the same network. Malware is designed to damage or disable a system and can include viruses, Trojans, and spyware.

2. Phishing Scams

Phishing scams target victims by tricking them into revealing sensitive information. Typically, they pretend to be someone trustworthy, such as a banking representative or the victim’s relative. These attacks can be hard to spot, especially because they’re often carried out via email or text message.

3. Denial of Service Attacks

A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is an attempt to make a computer or network unavailable to its users. These attacks are carried out by flooding a system with requests or disrupting the connection between the user and the system.

4. SQL Injection Attacks

SQL injection attacks are a code injection in which an attacker inserts malicious SQL code into a database to gain access to sensitive data. These attacks can be challenging to detect and can result in the theft of sensitive information.

5. Wireless Network Attacks

Wireless network attacks are a type of security exploit in which an attacker gains access to a wireless network. These attacks can be used to eavesdrop on communications or to inject malicious code into devices connected to the network.

Sources of Cyberthreats

Cyberattacks can come from various sources, including individuals, groups, or nation-states (IBM, 2022). Cybercriminals frequently target businesses like financial institutions and hospitals, which have significant consequences for the company and its employees.

Below are some of the most common sources of cyberthreats:

1. Hackers

Hackers are individuals who use their skills to gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. Hackers can be motivated by various factors, including profit, political activism, or challenge.

2. Cybercriminals

Cybercriminals are individuals or groups who engage in criminal activity using computers and the internet. Cyberattackers often seek to profit from their activities and may engage in activities such as identity theft, fraud, or selling illegal goods and services.

3. Nation-States

Nation-states are a growing source of cyberthreats, as they increasingly use cyber weapons to gain an advantage over their rivals. These nation-states often have access to sophisticated tools and resources and can use them to carry out large-scale attacks.

4. Insiders

Insiders are individuals who have legitimate access to an organization’s systems and networks. Because they already have access to sensitive information and know how information is stored and organized, insiders are one of the most dangerous sources on this list.

5. Malicious Software

Malicious software, or malware, is a type of software designed to damage or disable a system. Malware can include viruses, Trojans, and spyware. Malware can be used to carry out a variety of attacks, including data theft and identity theft.

How to Protect Against Cyberthreats

Cyberthreats are constantly evolving, and there is no single silver bullet solution to cybersecurity. The most important thing you can do is to stay informed about the latest cyberthreats and to implement cybersecurity best practices within your organization. There are several steps you can take to prevent cyberthreats, including:

1. Keep Your Software Up to Date

One of the best ways to protect your computer from cyberthreats is to ensure that your software is up to date. Cybercriminals often exploit vulnerabilities in outdated software to gain access to systems (Palmer, 2022). By keeping your software updated, you’ll ensure that you have the latest security updates and system patches.

2. Use Strong Passwords

Another important step to protect your computer from cyberthreats is to use strong passwords. Cybercriminals often attempt to gain access to systems by guessing or brute-forcing weak passwords. By using strong passwords, you can make it more difficult for cybercriminals to access your system.

3. Enroll in a Cyberthreat Intelligence Program

A cyberthreat intelligence program can help you stay updated on the latest security threats and grow your knowledge of cyberthreats. This gained knowledge will help you better understand the potential risks you face.

4. Implement Threat Modeling

Cyberthreat modeling is identifying, analyzing, and quantifying risks posed by cyberthreats. It is a key component of any cyberthreat intelligence program and helps organizations to understand their digital risks better and take steps to mitigate them.

Threat modeling helps organizations to:

◉ Understand the cyberthreat landscape

◉ Identify potential vulnerabilities in their systems and networks

◉ Quantify the risks posed by those vulnerabilities

◉ Develop and implement cyberthreat mitigation strategies

5. Educate Your Employees

One of the best ways to prevent cyberthreats is to educate your employees on cybersecurity. Employees should be trained on identifying threats and what to do if they encounter one (Volyntseva, 2022). In other words, a well-educated workforce is a key defense against digital attacks.

For example, employees who understand the dangers of clicking on unknown links or opening attachments from unknown senders are much less likely to fall victim to a phishing attempt. By extension, they are also less likely to install malware that could accidentally bring down your entire network.

Everyone knows that cybersecurity is important, but generally, IT professionals only know to what extent that’s true. By educating all of your employees on cybersecurity best practices, you can help prevent serious online threats to your organization.

How the C|TIA Can Help Mitigate Cyberthreats

The Cyber Threat Intelligence Analyst (C|TIA) program from EC-Council is designed to help organizations mitigate cyberthreats. It provides cyberthreat intelligence, analysis, and mitigation training. The program also gives students access to a network of cyberthreat experts who can provide guidance and support. The C|TIA certification is designed to help analysts understand, analyze, and respond to cyberthreats. Organizations enrolling in the C|TIA program benefit from increased visibility into the latest threats.

Source: eccouncil.org

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What Is Broken Access Control Vulnerability, and How Can I Prevent It?

Broken access control vulnerability is a type of security flaw that allows an unauthorized user access to restricted resources. By exploiting this vulnerability, attackers can circumvent standard security procedures and gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or systems. Broken access control vulnerabilities are often caused by weak authentication and authorization mechanisms, allowing attackers to gain illegitimate privileges. Prevention of such vulnerabilities is critical for preserving the security of your systems and data. In this blog post, we’ll discuss broken access control vulnerability and its prevention techniques.

What Is Broken Access Control Vulnerability?

One typical case of a broken access control vulnerability is an application that allows any user to view or edit sensitive data without authenticating first. An attacker could exploit this flaw to gain access to sensitive information or make changes to data without the proper permissions.

Another example of a broken access control vulnerability would be an application that doesn’t properly restrict access to certain functions based on a user’s role. For instance, an administrator account might have permission to add new users to the system, but a regular user account shouldn’t. However, if the application doesn’t restrict access to the function, a regular user could add new users to the system, potentially giving them administrator privileges.

Attackers may exploit these vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or make changes to data without the proper permissions. Organizations should implement adequate security controls to mitigate the risk of these vulnerabilities.

How to Identify a Broken Access Control Vulnerability

There are many attack vectors associated with broken access control vulnerabilities. However, some of the most common methods used to exploit these vulnerabilities include:

◉ Injection flaws: Injection flaws occur when untrusted input is injected into an application, resulting in unintended behavior. This can be exploited to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or modify application data.

◉ Cross-site scripting (XSS): XSS flaws occur when untrusted input is included in web page output. Attackers can exploit this to execute malicious scripts in the user’s browser, resulting in session hijacking, cookie theft or other malicious activity.

◉ Broken authentication and session management: Broken authentication and session management flaws occur when an application fails to properly validate or protect information associated with user authentication and sessions. An attacker can exploit this to gain access to resources or data they shouldn’t have access to.

To prevent broken access control vulnerabilities from being exploited, it’s crucial to implement security measures such as input validation, proper session management, and authorization controls.

The Impact and Risk of Broken Access Controls

When it comes to access controls, organizations face several different risks if these controls aren’t properly implemented or maintained. One of the most common and potentially damaging risks is data breaches. If an attacker is able to gain access to sensitive data, they may be able to use this information for malicious purposes, such as identity theft or fraud. Additionally, data breaches can damage an organization’s reputation and lead to financial losses.

Another risk associated with broken access controls is compliance violations. Organizations subject to regulatory requirements, such as HIPAA or PCI DSS, must ensure access controls comply with these regulations. If an organization’s access controls aren’t up to par, they may be subject to fines or other penalties.

Finally, broken access controls can also lead to operational disruptions. When attackers can gain access to critical systems, they may be able to disable or damage them, leading to significant downtime and financial loss.

How to Prevent Broken Access Control

Access control is a security measure that determines who can access a particular area or resource. There are many different access control systems, but they all have the same goal: to keep unauthorized people from entering an area or using a resource (OWASP).

The most important thing is to have a well-designed system that considers all potential security risks. There are a few key steps you can take to help ensure that your access control system isn’t easily compromised:

Access Validation

The most foolproof way to prevent IDOR vulnerabilities and attacks is to perform access validation. If an attacker tries to tamper with an application or database by modifying the given reference, the system should be able to shut down the request, verifying that the user does not have the proper credentials.

In particular, web applications should rely on server-side access control rather than client-side so that adversaries cannot tamper with it. The application should perform checks at multiple levels, including the data or object, to ensure no holes in the process.

How to Become a Web Application and Security Professional

Security vulnerabilities, such as insecure direct object references, are a major problem for web applications. Fortunately, through fuzz testing and access validation techniques, IT security experts can detect and prevent IDOR vulnerabilities, helping safeguard applications from attack.

Do you want to become a web application and security professional yourself, preventing insecure direct object references and other vulnerabilities? Obtaining a cybersecurity certification such as EC-Council’s Web Application Hacking & Security (W|AHS) program is an excellent career move.

EC-Council is a leading provider of IT security courses, training programs, and certifications. The WAHS certification verifies that the holder knows how to hack, test, and secure web applications from existing and emerging security threats.

Source: eccouncil.org

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A Quick Guide to Reverse Engineering Malware

When most people think of malware, they associate it with viruses and Trojans that can cause wreak havoc on their computers. However, malware is a broad term covering a wide range of malicious code, from simple viruses to complex spyware and ransomware.

It is important to understand what malware is and how it works so you can protect your computer against these threats. This is where reverse engineering malware comes in—by understanding how malware works, you can develop strategies to protect yourself against it.

What Is Reverse Engineering Malware?

Reverse engineering malware is the process of analyzing malware to understand its functionality and purpose. This process can determine how to remove the malware from a system or create defenses against it (Ortolani, 2018).

Read More: 312-50: Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)

Reverse engineering malware is challenging, as malware is often designed to be difficult to analyze. Typically, a malware reverse engineering program would be necessary to become proficient at it. Threat actors may use obfuscation techniques, encryption, and other tricks to make the programs more complex. In addition, malware authors may change the code frequently to make it harder to reverse engineer.

When Should You Reverse Engineer Malware?

Reverse engineering is a critical part of understanding and combating malware. When malware is discovered, the first thing that security researchers want to know is how it works. 

However, simply understanding how malware works isn’t enough to protect against it. To be truly effective, security researchers need to be able to not only understand how malware works but also predict how it will evolve. 

Security researchers must have a strong understanding of assembly language and computer architecture to reverse engineer malware. Assembly language is the lowest level of programming language, and it’s used to write programs that are very close to the hardware. This makes it ideal for writing malware, as it gives the attacker much control over what the code does.

Computer architecture is the study of how computers are designed and how they work. By understanding computer architecture, security researchers can better understand how malware works and how it can be used to attack systems.

What Are Static and Dynamic Malware Analysis?

Static analysis can be done by examining the code itself or looking at its metadata, such as timestamps or file hashes. Static analysis can be used to understand what a piece of malware does without worrying about it causing any damage.

Dynamic analysis is the process of executing malware to observe its behavio (Difference Between, 2018). This can be done by running the code in a controlled environment, such as a virtual machine or sandbox. Dynamic analysis can be used to identify how malware behaves when it is running (Sowells, J. 2019). 

Both static and dynamic analysis have their strengths and weaknesses. Static analysis is less likely to cause damage to a system, but it can be challenging to understand what a piece of malware does without executing it. Dynamic analysis is more likely to cause damage to a system, but it can provide more insight into how malware works.

What Are the Steps of Reverse Engineering?

When it comes to reverse engineering, six steps are generally followed to successfully carry out the process:

1. Acquire a sample of the malware by downloading it from the internet or receiving it from someone else.

2. Obtain a disassembler or decompiler. Many different programs can be used for this purpose.

3. Use the disassembler or decompiler to analyze the code of the malware. This will help you understand how the malware works and what it does.

4. Create a sandbox environment, which is a safe place where you can run the malware to see what it does without risking infecting your computer.

5. Run the malware in the sandbox environment and observe its behavior.

6. Generate a report of your findings. This will help you communicate your results to others who may be interested in reverse engineering the malware.

Are Reverse Engineering and Malware Analysis the Same?

Reverse engineering and malware analysis are two essential components of the cybersecurity field. Though both terms are often used interchangeably, they refer to two different types of activities.

Reverse engineering is the process of taking something apart to understand how it works (TechTarget, 2022). This can be applied to hardware, software, or any other type of system. Often, reverse engineering is used to create a duplicate or compatible version of a product.

Malware analysis, on the other hand, is the process of studying malware to understand its function and purpose. This information can then be used to develop ways to protect against or remove malware.

So, while reverse engineering and malware analysis are important cybersecurity tools, they are not the same. Reverse engineering is more about understanding how something works, while malware analysis is more about understanding what something does.

How Do Hackers Use Reverse Engineering?

Hackers often use reverse engineering to find vulnerabilities in systems and devices.

In many cases, hackers will obtain a copy of the software or hardware they want to attack. They will disassemble it, looking for ways to bypass security features or exploit weaknesses.

Reverse engineering can also be used to create pirated copies of copyrighted software or hardware. In some cases, hackers may even create new versions of existing products with added features or improved performance.

Why Is Reverse Engineering Unethical?

One of the most common unethical uses for reverse engineering is to create “malware clones.” A malware clone is simply a copy of an existing malware sample, with slight modifications made to its code to avoid detection by anti-virus software. This is considered unethical because it allows the clone creator to distribute their own version of the malware without creating their own original strain.

Another common unethical use of reverse engineering malware is to create “trojanized” versions of legitimate software. This involves taking a legitimate piece of software, such as a game or a utility program, and adding malicious code to it. The resulting trojanized software will then perform some malicious action when it’s executed, such as stealing passwords or deleting files. As with malware clones, this is considered unethical because it allows the creator of the trojanized software to distribute their own version of the software without making the original strain.

Finally, “botnets” are also an unethical way to use reverse engineering malware. A botnet is a collection of computers infected with malware that is controlled by a remote attacker. The attacker can use the botnet to launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, send spam e-mails, or even steal sensitive information.

Malware reverse engineering jobs analyze and understand the behavior of malware. This understanding can be used to create defenses against the malware or to take down the threat actors behind it. Hackers also use reverse engineering as a way to learn about specific malware functions so they can exploit its vulnerabilities. While reverse engineering has many benefits, it also raises some ethical concerns.

Looking for a Career in Ethical Hacking?

EC-Council’s program is designed to provide in-depth knowledge of the latest commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methodologies used by hackers and information security professionals. This course will also teach you how to hack an organization lawfully and how to reverse engineer malware as a beginner. This certification will help you advance your career in the information security field and is a valuable asset for any ethical hacker.

Source: eccouncil.org

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Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) Vulnerability Detection and Prevention

When it comes to cybersecurity, the playing field is far from even. Numerous application vulnerabilities can leave a backdoor into your IT systems—and attackers often need one such vulnerability to exploit your systems to the fullest potential. Thus, organizations must continually check their web applications for IT security holes that need to be patched.

Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerabilities are a common security flaw in which applications unintentionally expose sensitive internal objects such as files, databases, and user details. The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) has ranked IDOR vulnerabilities among the top 10 most critical web application security risks.

Any IT security expert should know IDOR vulnerabilities and how they operate. This article will cover everything you need to know about insecure direct object reference vulnerabilities: what they are, how they work, and how to prevent IDOR vulnerabilities.

What Is an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)?

An insecure direct object reference (IDOR) occurs when a web application provides users with an authorized reference or ID that can be used to access or change other unauthorized information. This is a consequence of the application only requiring a reference to access certain information instead of authenticating the user’s credentials.

One all-too-common example of insecure direct object references is user IDs. Many databases and website backends assign user IDs in ascending order, i.e., starting at one and increasing from there. This means, for example, that the account for user 8201 was created immediately before user 8202.

However, this approach can cause problems for the security of web applications. As a simple example, suppose that an application allows user 8201 to access their account settings at the following web address:

https://www.example.com/settings/user/8201

Using this information, an attacker could surmise that the account settings for user 8202 are available at the address:

https://www.example.com/settings/user/8201

By itself, this fact is perhaps not a problem. The issue with insecure direct object references occurs when the web application fails to implement proper access control. In other words, if the application does not properly validate the requesting user’s identity, an attacker would be able to view and change the account settings for other users at will.

Another extremely common occurrence of insecure direct object references is for purchases, orders, and other transactions. For example, if a user sees that their purchase ID is 19346, they might be able to view information on other purchases (e.g., 19345, 19347, etc.) simply by incrementing or decrementing this number.

Insecure direct object reference (IDOR) vulnerabilities plague businesses of all sizes and industries. In December 2021, for example, a teenage security researcher in Nepal found an IDOR vulnerability in the Facebook mobile app for Android smartphones that could expose the identities of Facebook page administrators (Arghire, 2021). In August 2022, cybersecurity research firm CyberX9 claimed that the telecom company Vodafone had exposed the call records and personal data of 226 million customers due to an IDOR vulnerability (ETTelecom, 2022).

How To Prevent Insecure Direct Object References

Randomly assigning numbers to reference objects instead of sequentially can slightly mitigate (but does not fully solve) the problem of insecure direct object references. For example, suppose all users are given a nine-digit ID number. In that case, adversaries can try a brute-force attack, testing various nine-digit numbers until they find one that refers to a valid user. 

Even user ID generation methods with a high degree of randomness, such as Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs), are not a perfect solution for IDOR vulnerabilities. If a company’s list of user IDs is leaked, adversaries could use this list to execute attacks as long as the web application does not implement access control. Thus, organizations need a more robust approach that can stop IDOR vulnerabilities in their tracks.

The good news is that there are multiple ways to prevent IDOR vulnerabilities. Below are four options businesses can use to detect and fix insecure direct object references.

Indirect Reference Maps

With an indirect reference map, web applications replace the direct reference to an object with an indirect reference that is much more difficult to guess. For example, instead of directly using the user ID 8201 in the URL, the application could use a UUID such as:

https://www.example.com/settings/user/e194da7f-3d74-48e9-ac49-4c72e1b02eeb

Internally, an indirect reference map matches each UUID to its corresponding user ID so that the application can translate this obfuscated URL to its original form.

However, as discussed above, externally visible IDs using a high degree of randomness may be much harder to guess but not impossible. Indirect reference maps, if used, should be combined with other methods to prevent insecure direct object references.

Fuzz Testing

Fuzz testing is software testing that attempts to discover application bugs and vulnerabilities by entering random or unexpected inputs. Applications should be able to handle these strange inputs successfully without crashing or exposing unauthorized information.

Organizations can help detect (although not prevent) insecure direct object references by fuzz testing their URLs and database queries. For example, software developers at Yelp have released the fuzz-lightyear framework, which helps identify IDOR vulnerabilities in an automated manner (Loo, 2020).

Parameter Verification

The likelihood of a successful IDOR attack is decreased if the application verifies the parameters passed in by the user. Some of the checks to perform may include:

◉ Verifying that a string is within the minimum and maximum length required.

◉ Verifying that a string does not contain unacceptable characters.

◉ Verifying that a numeric value is within the minimum and maximum boundaries.

◉ Verifying that input is of the proper data type (e.g., strings, numbers, dates, etc.).

Access Validation

The most foolproof way to prevent IDOR vulnerabilities and attacks is to perform access validation. If an attacker tries to tamper with an application or database by modifying the given reference, the system should be able to shut down the request, verifying that the user does not have the proper credentials.

In particular, web applications should rely on server-side access control rather than client-side so that adversaries cannot tamper with it. The application should perform checks at multiple levels, including the data or object, to ensure no holes in the process.

How to Become a Web Application and Security Professional

Security vulnerabilities, such as insecure direct object references, are a major problem for web applications. Fortunately, through fuzz testing and access validation techniques, IT security experts can detect and prevent IDOR vulnerabilities, helping safeguard applications from attack.

Do you want to become a web application and security professional yourself, preventing insecure direct object references and other vulnerabilities? Obtaining a cybersecurity certification such as EC-Council’s Web Application Hacking & Security (W|AHS) program is an excellent career move.

EC-Council is a leading provider of IT security courses, training programs, and certifications. The WAHS certification verifies that the holder knows how to hack, test, and secure web applications from existing and emerging security threats.

Source: eccouncil.org

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